Как найти максимальное значение в словаре в python

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Использование max в языке Python

Max и min – это функции языка Python, возвращающие соответственно наибольший и наименьший по значению элемент из тех, что были переданы в качестве аргументов. Они могут применяться как для одного итегрируемого объекта, так и для нескольких сразу.

Подробнее о функции max

Кроме параметров, среди которых необходимо найти максимальный, функция max имеет ещё два дополнительных необязательных именованных параметра. Параметру key присваивается функция, выполняющая некое предварительное действие с аргументами функции max перед нахождением максимального элемента.

Параметр default появился в версии 3.4 языка Python и задаёт значение по стандарту, которое возвращается в том случае, когда итегрируемый объект окажется пустым. Если не указать этот параметр, то генерируется исключение ValueError.

Применение max для разных типов данных или структур

Для списка

В данном примере функция max находит наибольшее число среди тех, что присутствуют в списке.

Вывод:

Для нескольких объектов

В примере ниже заданы несколько аргументов. Максимум находится среди них.

Вывод:

Для словаря

В словаре по стандарту возвращается максимальное значение ключа.

Вывод:

Для того, чтобы найти максимальное из значений ключей в словаре, можно задать параметр key.

Вывод:

Для строки

Если в качестве аргумента выступает только одна строка, то возвращаемым значением функции max будет символ, имеющий наибольший код. Пример такой программы:

Вывод:

Если на вход поступают несколько строк, то результатом функции max будет строка, которая наибольшая лексикографически. Пример такого кода:

найти максимальное значение словаря python

Можно ли как-то найти максимальное значение(не по ключу) и после записать весь элемент словаря или несколько элементов если таких несколько c одинаковыми значениями в новый словарь.

Как пример результат работы 1 прохода будет:

Если я думаю в правильном направлении то это можно сделать через for?

Линейный однопроходной алгоритм, чтобы найти любой ключ, соответствующий максимальному значению в словаре (результат в новый словарь пишется):

Если наибольшее значение может повторяться, то чтобы найти все соответствующие ключи:

Решаю подобную задачу примерно так:

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Python's min() and max(): Find Smallest and Largest Values

Python’s built-in min() and max() functions come in handy when you need to find the smallest and largest values in an iterable or in a series of regular arguments. Even though these might seem like fairly basic computations, they turn out to have many interesting use cases in real-world programing. You’ll try out some of those use cases here.

In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to:

• Use Python’s min() and max() to find smallest and largest values in your data
• Call min() and max() with a single iterable or with any number of regular arguments
• Use min() and max() with strings and dictionaries
• Tweak the behavior of min() and max() with the key and default arguments
• Use comprehensions and generator expressions as arguments to min() and max()

Once you have this knowledge under your belt, then you’ll be prepared to write a bunch of practical examples that will showcase the usefulness of min() and max() . Finally, you’ll code your own versions of min() and max() in pure Python, which can help you understand how these functions work internally.

Free Bonus: 5 Thoughts On Python Mastery, a free course for Python developers that shows you the roadmap and the mindset you’ll need to take your Python skills to the next level.

To get the most out of this tutorial, you should have some previous knowledge of Python programming, including topics like for loops, functions, list comprehensions, and generator expressions.

Getting Started With Python’s min() and max() Functions

Python includes several built-in functions that make your life more pleasant and productive because they mean you don’t need to reinvent the wheel. Two examples of these functions are min() and max() . They mostly apply to iterables, but you can use them with multiple regular arguments as well. What’s their job? They take care of finding the smallest and largest values in their input data.

Whether you’re using Python’s min() or max() , you can use the function to achieve two slightly different behaviors. The standard behavior for each is to return the minimum or maximum value through straightforward comparison of the input data as it stands. The alternative behavior is to use a single-argument function to modify the comparison criteria before finding the smallest and largest values.

To explore the standard behavior of min() and max() , you can start by calling each function with either a single iterable as an argument or with two or more regular arguments. That’s what you’ll do right away.

Calling min() and max() With a Single Iterable Argument

The built-in min() and max() have two different signatures that allow you to call them either with an iterable as their first argument or with two or more regular arguments. The signature that accepts a single iterable argument looks something like this:

Both functions take a required argument called iterable and return the minimum and maximum values respectively. They also take two optional keyword-only arguments: default and key .

Note: In the above signatures, the asterisk ( * ) means that the following arguments are keyword-only arguments, while the square brackets ( [] ) denote that the enclosed content is optional.

Here’s a summary of what the arguments to min() and max() do:

Later in this tutorial, you’ll learn more about the optional default and key arguments. For now, just focus on the iterable argument, which is a required argument that leverages the standard behavior of min() and max() in Python:

In these examples, you call min() and max() with a list of integer numbers and then with an empty list. The first call to min() returns the smallest number in the input list, -5 . In contrast, the first call to max() returns the largest number in the list, or 9 . If you pass an empty iterator to min() or max() , then you get a ValueError because there’s nothing to do on an empty iterable.

An important detail to note about min() and max() is that all the values in the input iterable must be comparable. Otherwise, you get an error. For example, numeric values work okay:

These examples combine int and float numbers in the calls to min() and max() . You get the expected result in both cases because these data types are comparable.

However, what would happen if you mixed strings and numbers? Check out the following examples:

You can’t call min() or max() with an iterable of noncomparable types as an argument. In this example, a function tries to compare a number to a string, which is like comparing apples and oranges. The end result it that you get a TypeError .

Calling min() and max() With Multiple Arguments

The second signature of min() and max() allows you to call them with any number of arguments, provided that you use at least two arguments. This signature has the following form:

Again, these functions return the minimum and maximum values, respectively. Here’s the meaning of the arguments in the above signature:

This variation of min() or max() doesn’t have a default argument. You must provide at least two arguments in the call for the function to work correctly. So, a default value isn’t required, because you’ll always have at least two values to compare in order to find the minimum or maximum.

To try out this alternative signature, run the following examples:

You can call min() or max() with two or more regular arguments. Again, you’ll get the minimum or maximum value in the input data, respectively. The only condition is that the arguments must be comparable.

Using min() and max() With Strings and Iterables of Strings

By default, min() and max() can process values that are comparable. Otherwise, you get a TypeError , as you’ve already learned. Up to this point, you’ve seen examples that use numeric values either in an iterable or as multiple regular arguments.

Using min() and max() with numeric values is arguably the most common and useful use case of these functions. However, you can also use the functions with strings and iterables of strings. In these cases, the alphabetical order of characters will decide the final result.

For example, you can use min() and max() to find the smallest and largest letters in some text. In this context, smallest means closest to the beginning of the alphabet, and largest means closest to the end of the alphabet:

As promised, in the first two examples, min() returns ‘a’ and max() returns ‘z’ . However, in the second pair of examples, min() returns ‘W’ and max() returns ‘d’ . Why? Because uppercase letters come before lowercase letters in Python’s default character set, UTF-8.

Note: Python internally treats strings as iterables of characters. So, calling min() or max() with a string as an argument is like calling the function with an iterable of individual characters.

Using min() or max() with a string as an argument isn’t limited to just letters. You can use strings containing any possible characters in your current character set. For example, if you’re working with the set of ASCII characters only, then the smallest character is the character closest to the beginning of the ASCII table. In contrast, the largest character is the character closest to the end of the table.

With other character sets like UTF-8, min() and max() behave similarly:

Behind the scenes, min() and max() use the character’s numeric value to find the minimum and maximum characters in the input string. For example, in the Unicode character table, the uppercase A has a smaller numeric value than the lowercase a :

Python’s built-in ord() function takes a single Unicode character and returns an integer representing the Unicode code point of that character. In these examples, the code point for the uppercase «A» is lower than the code point for the lowercase «a» .

This way, when you call min() and max() with both letters, you get results that match the order of the underlying Unicode code points of these letters:

What makes «A» smaller than «a» ? The quick answer is the letter’s Unicode code point. All characters that you can type on your keyboard, and many other characters, have their own code points in the Unicode table. Python uses these code points to determine the minimum and maximum character when it comes to using min() and max() .

Finally, you can also call min() and max() with iterables of strings or with multiple string arguments. Again, both functions will determine their return value by comparing the strings alphabetically:

To find the smallest or largest string in an iterable of strings, min() and max() compare all the strings alphabetically based on the code points of initial characters.

In the first example, the uppercase «H» comes before «P» , «a» , and «w» in the Unicode table. So, min() immediately concludes that «Hello» is the smallest string. In the second example, the lowercase «w» comes after all the other strings’ initial letters.

Note that there are two words that start with «w» , «welcome» and «world» . So, Python proceeds to look at the second letter of each word. The result is that max() returns «world» because «o» comes after «e» .

Processing Dictionaries With min() and max()

When it comes to processing Python dictionaries with min() and max() , you need to consider that if you use the dictionary directly, then both functions will operate on the keys:

In these examples, min() returns the alphabetically smallest key in prices , and max() returns the largest one. You can get the same result using the .keys() method on your input dictionary:

The only difference between this latter example and the previous one is that here, the code is more explicit and clear about what you’re doing. Anyone reading your code will quickly realize that you want to find the smallest and largest keys in the input dictionary.

Another common requirement would be to find the smallest and largest values in a dictionary. To continue with the prices example, say you want to know the smallest and largest prices. In this situation, you can use the .values() method:

In these examples, min() goes through all the values in prices and finds the minimum price. Similarly, max() iterates over the values of prices and returns the maximum price.

Finally, you can also use the .items() method on the input dictionary to find the minimum and maximum key-value pairs:

In this case, min() and max() use Python’s internal rules to compare tuples and find the smallest and largest items in the input dictionary.

Python compares tuples item by item. For example, to determine if (x1, x2) is greater than (y1, y2 ), Python tests x1 > y1 . If this condition is True , then Python concludes that the first tuple is greater than the second without checking the rest of the items. In contrast, if x1 < y1 , then Python concludes that the first tuple is less than the second.

Finally, if x1 == y1 , then Python compares the second pair of items using the same rules. Note that in this context, the first item of each tuple comes from the dictionary keys, and because dictionary keys are unique, the items can’t be equal. So, Python will never have to compare the second values.

Tweaking the Standard Behavior of min() and max() With key and default

Up to this point, you’ve learned how min() and max() work in their standard form. In this section, you’ll learn how to tweak the standard behavior of both functions by using the key and default keyword-only arguments.

The key argument to min() or max() allows you to provide a single-argument function that will be applied to every value in the input data. The goal is to modify the comparison criteria to use in finding the minimum or maximum value.

As an example of how this feature can be useful, say that you have a list of numbers as strings, and want to find the smallest and largest numbers. If you process the list directly with min() and max() , then you get the following results:

These may not be the results that you need or expect. You’re getting the smallest and largest strings based on Python’s string comparison rules rather than based on the actual numeric value of each string.

In that case, the solution is to pass the built-in int() function as the key argument to min() and max() , like in the following examples:

Great! Now the result of min() or max() depends on the numeric values of the underlying strings. Note that you don’t need to call int() . You just pass int without the pair of parentheses because key expects a function object, or more accurately, a callable object.

Note: Callable objects in Python include functions, methods, classes, and instances of any class that provides a .__call__() special method.

The second keyword-only argument that allows you to customize the standard behavior of min() or max() is default . Remember that this argument is only available when you call the function with a single iterable as an argument.

The job of default is to provide a suitable default value as the return value of min() or max() when it’s called with an empty iterable:

In these examples, the input iterable is an empty list. The standard behavior is for min() or max() to raise a ValueError complaining about the empty sequence argument. However, because you supply a value to default , both functions now return this value instead of raising an exception and breaking your code.

Using min() and max() With Comprehensions and Generator Expressions

You can also call min() or max() with a list comprehension or generator expression as an argument. This feature comes in handy when you need to transform the input data right before finding the minimum or maximum transformed value.

When you feed a list comprehension into min() or max() , the resulting value will come from the transformed data rather than from the original data:

The second call to min() takes a list comprehension as an argument. This comprehension transforms the original data in letters by applying the .lower() method to each letter. The final result is the lowercase «a» , which isn’t present in the original data. Something similar happens with the examples covering max() .

Note that using min() or max() with a list comprehension is similar to using the key argument. The main difference is that with comprehensions, the final result is a transformed value, while with key , the result comes from the original data:

In both examples, min() uses .lower() to somehow modify the comparison criteria. The difference is that the comprehension actually transforms the input data before doing the computation, so the resulting value comes from the transformed data rather than from the original.

List comprehensions create a complete list in memory, which is often a wasteful operation. This fact holds especially true if you don’t need the resulting list in your code anymore, which could be the case with min() and max() . So, it’s always more efficient to use a generator expression instead.

The syntax for generator expressions is almost the same as for list comprehensions:

The main syntax difference is that a generator expression uses parentheses instead of square brackets ( [] ). Because a function call already requires parentheses, you just need to remove the square brackets from your comprehension-based examples, and you’re good to go. Unlike list comprehensions, generator expressions yield items on demand, which makes them memory efficient.

Putting Python’s min() and max() Into Action

So far, you’ve learned the basics of using min() and max() to find the smallest and largest values in an iterable or in a series of individual values. You learned how min() and max() work with different built-in Python data types, such as numbers, strings, and dictionaries. You also explored how to tweak the standard behavior of these functions and how to use them with list comprehensions and generator expressions.

Now you’re ready to start coding a few practical examples that will show you how to use min() and max() in your own code.

Removing the Smallest and Largest Numbers in a List

To kick things off, you’ll start with a short example of how to remove the minimum and maximum values from a list of numbers. To do that, you can call .remove() on your input list. Depending on your needs, you’ll use min() or max() to select the value that you’ll remove from the underlying list:

In these examples, the minimum and maximum values in sample could be outlier data points that you want to remove so that they don’t affect your further analysis. Here, min() and max() provide the arguments to .remove() .

Building Lists of Minimum and Maximum Values

Now say that you have a list of lists representing a matrix of numeric values, and you need to build lists containing the smallest and largest values from every row in the input matrix. To do this, you can use min() and max() along with a list comprehension:

The first comprehension iterates over the sublists in matrix and uses min() to build a list containing the smallest value from each sublist. The second comprehension does a similar task but uses max() to create a list containing the largest values from the sublists in matrix .

Even though min() and max() provide a quick way to deal with the examples in this section, the NumPy library is highly recommended when it comes to processing matrixes in Python because NumPy has specific and optimized tools for the job.

Clipping Values to the Edges of an Interval

Sometimes you have a list of numeric values and want to clip them to the edges or limits of a given interval. For example, if a given value is greater than the interval’s upper limit, then you need to convert it down to that limit. To do this operation, you can use min() .

Wait! Why min() ? You’re dealing with the large values, aren’t you? The point is that you need to compare each large value to the interval’s upper limit and then choose the smaller of the two. You’ll essentially set all large values to a prescribed upper limit:

The call to min() compares every number to the interval’s upper limit. If the target number is greater than the limit, then min() returns the limit. The net effect is that all the values that are greater than the limit are now clipped to it. In this example, the numbers 200 and 142 are clipped to 100 , which is the interval’s upper limit.

In contrast, if you want to clip small values to the interval’s lower limit, then you can use max() , like in the following example:

This call to max() clips the small values to the interval’s lower limit. To do this clipping, max() compares the current number and the interval’s limit to find the maximum value. In the example, -230 is the only number that gets clipped.

Finally, you can run both operations in one go by combining min() and max() . Here’s how to do it:

To clip all the values that fall outside the interval’s limits, this comprehension combines min() and max() . The call to min() compares the current value to the interval’s upper limit, while the call to max() compares the result to the lower limit. The final result is that values lower than or greater than the corresponding limit are clipped to the limit itself.

This comprehension works similarly to the clip() function from NumPy, which takes an array and the limits of the target interval, then it clips all values outside the interval to the interval’s edges.

Finding the Closest Points

Now say that you have a list of tuples containing pairs of values that represent Cartesian points. You want to process all these pairs of points and find out which pair has the smallest distance between points. In this situation, you can do something like the following:

In this example, you first import math to get access to dist() . This function returns the Euclidean distance between two points, p and q, each given as a sequence of coordinates. The two points must have the same number of dimensions.

The min() function works its magic through its key argument. In this example, key takes a lambda function that computes the distance between two points. This function becomes the comparison criteria for min() to find the pair of points with the minimal distance between points.

In this example, you need a lambda function because key expects a single-argument function, while math.dist() requires two arguments. So, the lambda function takes a single argument, points , and then unpacks it into two arguments to feed into math.dist() .

Identifying Cheap and Expensive Products

Now say you have a dictionary with the names and prices of several products, and you want to identify the cheapest and most expensive products. In this situation, you can use .items() and an appropriate lambda function as the key argument:

In this example, the lambda function takes a key-value pair as an argument and returns the corresponding value so that min() and max() have proper comparison criteria. As a result, you get a tuple with the cheapest and most expensive products in the input data.

Finding Coprime Integer Numbers

Another interesting example of using min() to solve a real-world problem is when you need to figure out if two numbers are coprime. In other words, you need to know if your numbers’ only common divisor is 1 .

In that situation, you can code a Boolean-valued or predicate function like the following:

In this code snippet, you define are_coprime() as a predicate function that returns True if the input numbers are coprime. If the numbers aren’t coprime, then the function returns False .

The function’s main component is a for loop that iterates over a range of values. To set the upper limit for this range object, you use min() with the input numbers as arguments. Again, you’re using min() to set the upper limit of some interval.

Timing Different Implementations of Your Code

You can also use min() to compare several of your algorithms, evaluate their execution times, and determine which algorithm is the most efficient. The example below uses timeit.repeat() to measure the execution times for two different ways of building a list containing the square values of the numbers from 0 to 99 :

The call to timeit.repeat() runs a string-based statement a given number of times. In these examples, the statement is repeated three times. The call to min() returns the smallest execution time from the three repetitions.

By combining min() , repeat() , and other Python timer functions, you can get an idea of which of your algorithms is most efficient in terms of execution time. The example above shows that list comprehensions can be a little bit faster than the built-in map() function when it comes to building new lists.

Exploring the Role of .__lt__() and .__gt__() in min() and max()

As you’ve learned so far, the built-in min() and max() functions are versatile enough to work with values of various data types, such as numbers and strings. The secret behind this flexibility is that min() and max() embrace Python’s duck typing philosophy by relying on the .__lt__() and .__gt__() special methods.

These methods are part of what Python calls rich comparison methods. Specifically, .__lt__() and .__gt__() support the less than ( < ) and greater than ( > ) operators, respectively. What’s the meaning of support here? When Python finds something like x < y in your code, it internally does x.__lt__(y) .

The takeaway is that you can use min() and max() with values of any data type that implements .__lt__() and .__gt__() . That’s why these functions work with values of all Python’s built-in data types:

Python’s built-in data types implement the .__lt__() and .__gt__() special methods. So, you can feed any of these data types into min() and max() , with the only condition being that the involved data types are comparable.

You can also make instances of your custom classes compatible with min() and max() . To achieve this, you need to provide your own implementations of .__lt__() and .__gt__() . Consider the following Person class as an example of this compatibility:

Note that the implementation of .__lt__() and .__gt__() requires an argument that’s typically named other . This argument represents the second operand in the underlying comparison operations. For example, in an expression like x < y , you’ll have that x will be self and y will be other .

Note: For the less than and greater than comparison operations to work properly, you just need to implement either .__lt__() or .__gt__() .

In this example, .__lt__() and .__gt__() return the result of comparing two people’s .birth_date attributes. Here’s how this works in practice:

Cool! You can process Person objects with min() and max() because the class provides implementation of .__lt__() and .__gt__() . The call to min() returns the youngest person, and the call to max() returns the oldest.

Note: The .__lt__() and .__gt__() methods provide support for only two comparison operators, < and > . If you ever want a class that provides all the comparison operations, but you only want to write a few special methods, then you can use @functools.total_ordering . If you have a class that defines .__eq__() and other rich comparison methods, then this decorator will automatically supply the rest of the comparison methods.

Note that if a given custom class doesn’t provide these methods, then its instances won’t support min() and max() operations:

Because this Number class doesn’t provide suitable implementations of .__lt__() and .__gt__() , min() and max() respond with a TypeError . The error message tells you that the comparison operations aren’t supported in your current class.

Emulating Python’s min() and max()

Up to this point, you’ve learned how Python’s min() and max() functions work. You’ve used them to find the smallest and largest values among several numbers, strings, and more. You know how to call these functions either with a single iterable as an argument or with an undefined number of regular arguments. Finally, you’ve coded a series of practical examples that approach real-world problems using min() and max() .

Although Python kindly provides you with min() and max() to find the smallest and largest values in your data, learning how to do this computation from scratch is a helpful exercise that can improve your logical thinking and your programming skills.

In this section, you’ll learn how to find minimum and maximum values in your data. You’ll also learn how to implement your own versions of min() and max() .

Understanding the Code Behind min() and max()

To find the minimum value in a small list of numbers as a human, you’d normally check the numbers and implicitly compare all of them in your mind. Yes, your brain is amazing! However, computers aren’t that smart. They need detailed instructions to accomplish any task.

You’ll have to tell your computer to iterate over all the values while comparing them in pairs. In the process, the computer has to take note of the current minimum value in each pair until the list of values is processed entirely.

This explanation may be hard to visualize, so here’s a Python function that does the work:

In this code snippet, you define find_min() . This function assumes that iterable isn’t empty and that its values are in an arbitrary order.

The function treats the first value as a tentative minimum . Then the for loop iterates over the rest of the elements in the input data.

The conditional statement compares the current value to the tentative minimum in the first iteration. If the current value is smaller than minimum , then the conditional updates minimum accordingly.

Each new iteration compares the current value to the updated minimum . When the function reaches the end of iterable , minimum will hold the smallest value in the input data.

Cool! You’ve coded a function that finds the smallest value in an iterable of numbers. Now revisit find_min() and think of how you’d code a function to find the largest value. Yes, that’s it! You just have to change the comparison operator from less than ( < ) to greater than ( > ), and probably rename the function and some local variables to prevent confusion.

Your new function can look something like this:

Note that find_max() shares most of its code with find_min() . The most important difference, apart from naming, is that find_max() uses the greater than operator ( > ) instead of the less than operator ( < ).

As an exercise, you can think of how to avoid repetitive code in find_min() and find_max() following the DRY (don’t repeat yourself) principle. This way, you’ll be ready to emulate the complete behavior of min() and max() using your Python skills, which you’ll tackle in just a moment.

Before diving in, you need to be aware of the knowledge requirements. You’ll be combining topics like conditional statements, exception handling, list comprehensions, definite iteration with for loops, and *args and optional arguments in functions.

If you feel that you don’t know everything about these topics, then don’t worry. You’ll learn by doing. If you get stuck, then you can go back and review the linked resources.

Planning Your Custom min() and max() Versions

To write your custom implementations of min() and max() , you’ll start by coding a helper function that’s able to find the smallest or largest value in the input data, depending on the arguments you use in the call. Of course, the helper function will especially depend on the operator used for comparing the input values.

Your helper function will have the following signature:

Here’s what each argument does:

The body of min_max() will start by processing *args to build a list of values. Having a standardized list of values will allow you to write the required algorithm to find the minimum and maximum values in the input data.

Then the function needs to deal with the key and default arguments before computing the minimum and maximum, which is the final step inside min_max() .

With min_max() in place, the final step is to define two independent functions on top of it. These functions will use appropriate comparison operator functions to find the minimum and maximum values, respectively. You’ll learn more about operator functions in a moment.

Standardizing the Input Data From *args

To standardize the input data, you need to check if the user is providing a single iterable or any number of regular arguments. Fire up your favorite code editor or IDE and create a new Python file called min_max.py . Then add the following piece of code to it:

Here, you define min_max() . The function’s first portion standardizes the input data for further processing. Because the user will be able to call min_max() with either a single iterable or with several regular arguments, you need to check the length of args . To do this check, you use the built-in len() function.

If args holds only one value, then you need to check if that argument is an iterable object. You use list() , which implicitly does the check and also turns the input iterable into a list.

If list() raises a TypeError , then you catch it and raise your own TypeError to inform the user that the provided object isn’t iterable, just like min() and max() do in their standard form. Note that you use the from None syntax to hide away the traceback of the original TypeError .

The else branch runs when args holds more than one value, which handles the cases where the user calls the function with several regular arguments instead of with a single iterable of values.

If this conditional doesn’t ultimately raise a TypeError , then values will hold a list of values that may be empty. Even if the resulting list is empty, it’s now clean and ready for continuing the process of finding its minimum or maximum value.

Processing the default Argument

To continue writing min_max() , you can now process the default argument. Go ahead and add the following code to the end of the function:

In this code snippet, you define a conditional to check if values holds an empty list. If that’s the case, then you check the default argument to see if the user provided a value for it. If default is still None , then a ValueError is raised. Otherwise, default gets returned. This behavior emulates the standard behavior of min() and max() when you call them with empty iterables.

Handling the Optional key Function

Now you need to process the key argument and prepare the data for finding the smallest and largest values according to the provided key . Go ahead and update min_max() with the following code:

You start this code fragment with a conditional that checks if the user hasn’t provided a key function. If they haven’t, then you create a list of keys directly from your original values . You’ll use these keys as comparison keys in computing the minimum and maximum.

On the other hand, if the user has provided a key argument, then you need to make sure that the argument is actually a function or callable object. To do this, you use the built-in callable() function, which returns True if its argument is a callable and False otherwise.

Once you’re sure that key is a callable object, then you build the list of comparison keys by applying key to each value in the input data.

Finally, if key isn’t a callable object, then the else clause runs, raising a TypeError , just like min() and max() do in a similar situation.

Finding Minimum and Maximum Values

The last step to finish your min_max() function is to find the minimum and maximum values in the input data, just like min() and max() do. Go ahead and wrap up min_max() with the following code:

You set the extreme_key and extreme_value variables to the first value in keys and in values , respectively. These variables will provide the initial key and value for computing the minimum and maximum.

Then you loop over the remaining keys and values in one go using the built-in zip() function. This function will yield key-value tuples by combining the values in your keys and values lists.

The conditional inside the loop calls operator to compare the current key to the tentative minimum or maximum key stored in extreme_key . At this point, the operator argument will hold either lt() or gt() from the operator module, depending on if you want to find the minimum or maximum value, respectively.

For example, when you want to find the smallest value in the input data, operator will hold the lt() function. When you want to find the largest value, operator will hold gt() .

Every loop iteration compares the current key to the tentative minimum or maximum key and updates the values of extreme_key and extreme_value accordingly. At the end of the loop, these variables will hold the minimum or maximum key and its corresponding value. Finally, you just need to return the value in extreme_value .

Coding Your Custom min() and max() Functions

With the min_max() helper function in place, you can define your custom versions of min() and max() . Go ahead and add the following functions to the end of your min_max.py file:

In this code snippet, you first import gt() and lt() from the operator module. These functions are the functional equivalent of the greater than ( > ) and less than ( < ) operators, respectively. For example, the Boolean expression x < y is equivalent to the function call lt(x, y) . You’ll use these functions to provide the operator argument to your min_max() .

Just like min() and max() , custom_min() and custom_max() take *args , key , and default as arguments and return the minimum and maximum values, respectively. To perform the computation, these functions call min_max() with the required arguments and with the appropriate comparison operator function.

In custom_min() , you use lt() to find the smallest value in the input data. In custom_max() , you use gt() to get the largest value.

Как получить ключ с максимальным значением в Python-словаре?

В большинстве ответов на этот вопрос в интернете говорится, что для этой цели нужно использовать отдельную библиотеку. Это не совсем так.

Для поиска в Python-словаре ключа с максимальным значением можно использовать функцию max() :

Она вернёт ключ с максимальным значением, предварительно применив метод dict.get(k) ко всем ключам k для получения связанных с ними значений.

Рассмотрим простейший пример:

Функция max() перебирает все ключи k в словаре income и после применения метода income.get(k) выбирает тот, что имеет максимальное значение. При этом метод get() возвращает значение, соответствующее ключу k в словаре income .

А далее уже более подробно разберём следующие вопросы:

Что такое функция max() в Python?

Скорее всего, данная функция уже вам знакома. С её помощью можно находить максимальное значение в любом итерируемом объекте или среди любого количества различных значений.

Функция max() возвращает максимальное значение из всех, которые были в неё переданы. В качестве аргументов можно передавать произвольное количество значений через запятую, либо же итерируемый объект. Необязательный аргумент key позволяет настроить способ вычисления максимального значения. Это правило преобразования, которое будет предварительно применено к каждому элементу.

Сперва рассмотрим несколько небольших примеров без использования аргумента key .

Пока всё понятно. Функция max() является довольной гибкой и позволяет работать не только с числами, но и в принципе с любыми сравниваемыми объектами, включая строки и списки.

Как работает аргумент key в функции max() в Python?

Последние примеры показывают интуитивно понятную работу функции max() : вы просто передаёте один или несколько итерируемых объектов в качестве позиционных аргументов.

Что такое итерируемые объекты?

Итерируемый объект — это объект, из которого вы можете получить итератор .

Итератор — это объект, для которого можно вызвать функцию next() . Вызывая её, вы получаете следующий элемент итерируемого объекта, пока они не закончатся в итераторе.

Например, Python использует итераторы в циклах for для перебора элементов в списке, символов в строке и ключей в словаре.

Когда вы указываете аргумент key , вы также определяете и функцию, возвращающую значение каждого элемента в итерируемом объекте. Далее каждый элемент сравнивается на основе значения, возвращаемого этой самой функцией, а не элементом итерируемого объекта (по умолчанию).

Мы определяем функцию inverse() , которая возвращает умноженное на -1 входное значение.

Затем мы выводим два результата выполнения функции max() :

первое — это выполнение функции по умолчанию. Максимальное значение в исходном списке равно 16, что и было выведено на экран. во втором случае мы передаём функцию inverse() в качестве аргумента key . Python применяет данную функцию ко всем элементам списка lst и сравнивает между собой полученные значения. В итоге мы получаем элемент, значение которого оказалось максимальным после преобразования функцией key .

Используя функцию inverse() , Python сопоставляет значения следующим образом:

оригинальные значения: 2, 4, 8, 16. значения после применения inverse() : -2, -4, -8, -16.

В итоге мы получаем число 2, которому соответствует преобразованное значение -2, потому что -2 > -4 > -8 > -16 .

Теперь вернёмся к первоначальному вопросу.

Как получить ключ с максимальным значением в словаре Python?

Мы используем тот же пример, что и выше. В словаре хранятся данные о доходах трёх человек: Ивана, Петра и Фёдора. Предположим, что вы хотите найти человека с самым высоким доходом.

Совет: ключ словаря и аргумент key называются одинаково, но путать их нельзя — между ними нет ничего общего.

Из задачи мы знаем, что результатом должен быть ключ словаря, поэтому вызовем функцию max() именно по ключам словаря income . Обратите внимание, что max(income.keys()) и max(income) возвращают один и тот же результат.

Однако, мы хотим сравнить значения, а не ключи. Для этого мы будем использовать аргумент key в функции max() . Мы должны передать в него функцию, но какую?

Чтобы получить значение ключа 'Иван' , мы можем использовать обозначение в скобках — income['Иван'] . Однако, это не является функцией, а значит не будет работать.

К счастью, метод income.get('Иван') похож на income['Иван'] и является функцией! Единственное отличие между ними заключается в том, что метод get() возвращает значение None , если указанного ключа нет в словаре.

Итак, мы передадим этот метод в аргумент key функции max() .

Как получить ключ с минимальным значением в словаре?

Если вы усвоили предыдущие примеры, поиск минимального значения не станет для вас чем-то сложным. Для этого достаточно заменить функцию max() на функцию min() :

Альтернативные методы поиска максимального значения в словаре

Использование функции max() — далеко не единственный способ найти максимальное значение. Пользователь со StackOverflow сравнил между собой 9 различных методов решения данной задачи.

f1() работает наиболее быстро.

Второй по эффективности метод:

Поиск с ключа с самым длинным значением в словаре

Мы знаем, как искать максимальное значение, если эти самые значения являются числами. Но что, если мы имеем дело со строками или списками?

Предположим, что у нас есть словарь, где записано количество дней, которые отработал каждый сотрудник. На конец месяца он будет выглядеть примерно так:

Общее количество отработанных дней равно длине списка соответствующего сотрудника. В нашем случае элементы всех списков одинаковы, поэтому сравнивать списки мы будем именно по их длине.

Таким образом, мы можем использовать уже знакомый код для поиска максимального значения.

Поиск ключа с максимальным значением в списке словарей

Допустим, у нас есть три словаря с информацией о доходах. Мы хотим найти ключ с максимальным значением из всех словарей.

Мы видим, что самым высоким доходом обладает Игорь. Следовательно, этот ключ и будет возвращён. Есть несколько способов этого добиться.

Чтобы найти ключ с максимальным значением среди списка словарей, необходимо объединить словари в один большой словарь с помощью метода dict.update() , а затем использовать знакомую нам функцию max(d, key = d.get) . Рассмотрим пример:

Как получить максимальное значение в словаре Python?

Чтобы получить максимальное значение в словаре d , воспользуйтесь функцией max(d.values()) . Сначала она получает итерируемый объект всех значений словаря с помощью d.values() , который затем передаётся в max() . Функция max() выбирает единственное максимальное значение.

В следующем примере мы получаем максимальное целочисленное значение из всех значений словаря.

Как получить максимальный ключ в словаре Python?

Для этого достаточно использовать max(d) или max(d.keys()) — оба варианта эквивалентны, потому что передают итерируемый объект ключей в функцию max() , которая выбирает из них максимальный.

Пример получения максимальной строки из ключей словаря:

Заключение

Теперь вы лучше разбираетесь в работе со словарями Python. В частности, мы попробовали разными способами получать максимальные и минимальные ключи и их значения.